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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bibliosfera</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Библиосфера</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bibliosphere</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1815-3186</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-7931</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ГПНТБ СО РАН</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20913/1815-3186-2021-1-25-42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bibliosfera-1714</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ НИР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH WORK</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Наука о науке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Science of science</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9039-4730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фортунато</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fortunato</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Блумингтон, В 47408</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bloomington, IN 47408</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">santo@indiana.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бергстром</surname><given-names>K. T.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bergstrom</surname><given-names>C. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сиэтл, Вашингтон 98195-1800</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Seattle, WA 98195-1800</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бернер</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Börner</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Блумингтон, В 47408</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bloomington, IN 47408</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9838-0707</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эванс</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чикаго, IL 60637</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chicago, IL 60637</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хелбинг</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Helbing</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ETH Zurich, Цюрих,</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zurich</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Милоевич</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Milojević</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Блумингтон, В 47408</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bloomington, IN 47408</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петерсен</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Блумингтон, В 47408</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Merced, CA 95343</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Радикки</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Radicchi</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Блумингтон, В 47408,</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bloomington, IN 47408</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7558-1028</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синатра</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinatra</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Будапешт 1052;</p><p>Будапешт 1051;</p><p>Бостон, Массачусетс 02115</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Budapest 1052;</p><p>Boston, MA 02115</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уцци</surname><given-names>Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uzzi</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эванстон, Иллинойс 60208</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evanston, IL 60208</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веспиньяни</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vespignani</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бостон, Массачусетс 02115;</p><p>10133 Турин, Италия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boston, MA 02115;</p><p>Turin 10133</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-10"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-1752</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уолтман</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Waltman</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лейден</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leiden</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-11"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-2206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ван</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эванстон, Иллинойс 60208;</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evanston, IL 60208</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-12"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-3522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барабаши</surname><given-names>А.-Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barabási</surname><given-names>A.-L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Будапешт 1052;</p><p>Бостон, Массачусетс 02115, США;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Budapest 1052;</p><p>Boston, MA 02115</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">barabasi@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-13"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр исследований сложных сетей и систем, Школа информатики, вычислительной техники и инженерии, Университет Индианы;&#13;
Институт сетевых наук Университета Индианы, Университет Индианы</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University;&#13;
Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Биологический факультет Вашингтонского университета</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Washington</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт сетевых наук Университета Индианы, Университет Индианы;&#13;
Киберинфраструктура для Центра сетевых наук Школы информатики, вычислительной техники и инженерии Университета Индианы</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University;&#13;
Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Факультет социологии Чикагского университета</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Sociology, University of Chicago</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Вычислительная социология</institution><country>Швейцария</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Computational Social Science, ETH</institution><country>Switzerland</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр исследований сложных сетей и систем, Школа информатики, вычислительной техники и инженерии, Университет Индианы</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр исследований сложных сетей и систем, Школа информатики, вычислительной техники и инженерии, Университет Индианы</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ernest and Julio Gallo Management Program, School of Engineering, University of California</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр сетевых наук, ЦентральноЕвропейский университет; &#13;
Математический факультет Центрально-Европейского университета;&#13;
Институт сетевых наук Северо-Восточного университета</institution><country>Венгрия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for Network Science, Central European University;&#13;
Department of Mathematics, Central European University;&#13;
Institute for Network Science, Northeastern University</institution><country>Hungary</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-9"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Школа менеджмента Келлога, Северо-Западный университет;&#13;
Северо-Западный институт сложных систем;&#13;
Северо-Западный университет</institution><country>Hungary</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University;&#13;
Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University</institution><country>Hungary</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-10"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт сетевых наук, Северо-Восточный университет;&#13;
Лаборатория моделирования биологических и социально-технических систем, Северо-Восточный университет,&#13;
Фонд ИСИ</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute for Network Science, Northeastern University;&#13;
Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Sociotechnical Systems, Northeastern University;&#13;
ISI Foundation</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-11"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр научно-технических исследований Лейденского университета</institution><country>Нидерланды</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University</institution><country>Netherlands</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-12"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Школа менеджмента Келлога, Северо-Западный университет;&#13;
Северо-Западный институт сложных систем, Северо-Западный университет</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University;&#13;
Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-13"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр сетевых наук, Центрально-Европейский университет; &#13;
Институт сетевых наук, Северо-Восточный университет;&#13;
Центр системной биологии рака, Институт рака Дана-Фарбер</institution><country>Венгрия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for Network Science, Central European University;&#13;
Institute for Network Science, Northeastern University;&#13;
Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute</institution><country>Hungary</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фортунато С., Бергстром K.T., Бернер К., Эванс Д.А., Хелбинг Д., Милоевич С., Петерсен А.М., Радикки Ф., Синатра Р., Уцци Б., Веспиньяни А., Уолтман Л., Ван Д., Барабаши А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фортунато С., Бергстром K.T., Бернер К., Эванс Д.А., Хелбинг Д., Милоевич С., Петерсен А.М., Радикки Ф., Синатра Р., Уцци Б., Веспиньяни А., Уолтман Л., Ван Д., Барабаши А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fortunato S., Bergstrom C.T., Börner K., Evans J.A., Helbing D., Milojević S., Petersen A.M., Radicchi F., Sinatra R., Uzzi B., Vespignani A., Waltman L., Wang D., Barabási A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bibliosphere.ru/jour/article/view/1714">https://www.bibliosphere.ru/jour/article/view/1714</self-uri><abstract><p>Вопросы «почему» и «зачем» науки о науке (SciSci) Наука о науке (SciSci) основана на трансдисциплинарном подходе, который использует большие массивы данных для изучения механизмов, лежащих в основе научного исследования, – от выбора исследовательской проблемы до карьерных траекторий и прогресса в той или иной области. В обзоре Fortunato et al. объясняют, что основное обоснование заключается в том, что благодаря более глубокому пониманию предшественников того, что такое эффективная наука, можно будет разработать системы и политику, которые улучшат способности каждого ученого к успеху и повысят перспективы науки в целом.</p><sec><title>Предпосылки</title><p>Предпосылки. Растущая доступность цифровых данных о ресурсах науки и ее результатах – от финансирования исследований, производительности и сотрудничества до цитирования статей и мобильности ученых – открывает беспрецедентные возможности для изучения структуры и эволюции науки. Наука о науке (SciSci) предлагает количественное понимание взаимодействий между учеными в различных географических и временных масштабах. Она дает представление об условиях, лежащих в основе творчества и генезиса научных открытий, для того, чтобы в результате разработать инструменты и политику, которые потенциально могут ускорить развитие науки. В последнее десятилетие SciSci получила пользу от того, что привлекла ученых, работающих в области естественных, вычислительных и социальных наук, которые, базируясь на больших данных (big data), вместе создали возможности для эмпирического анализа и генеративного (выводного) моделирования, которое отражает развитие науки, ее институтов и ее рабочей силы. Суть SciSci состоит в том, что с более глубоким пониманием факторов, которые движут успешной наукой, мы можем более эффективно решать экологические, социальные и технологические проблемы.</p></sec><sec><title>Достижения</title><p>Достижения. Науку можно описать как сложную, самоорганизующуюся и развивающуюся сеть ученых, проектов, статей и идей. Это представление раскрыло закономерности, характеризующие возникновение новых научных областей, благодаря изучению сетей сотрудничества и путей впечатляющих открытий через изучение сетей цитирования. На микроскопических моделях была прослежена динамика накопления цитируемости, что позволило нам предсказать будущее влияние отдельных статей. SciSci выявила выбор ученых и компромиссы, с которыми они сталкиваются, продвигаясь как по своей собственной карьере, так и по научному горизонту. Например, измерения показывают, что ученые не склонны к риску, предпочитая изучать темы, связанные с их текущим опытом, что ограничивает потенциал будущих открытий. Те, кто готов нарушить эту модель, строят более рискованную карьеру, но с большей вероятностью совершают крупные прорывы. В целом наибольший эффект науки основан на обычных комбинациях предшествующих работ, но характеризуется и необычными комбинациями. Наконец, поскольку фокус исследований смещается на работу в команде, SciSci все больше фокусируется на влиянии командных исследований, обнаруживая, что небольшие команды, как правило, разрушают науку и технику новыми идеями, опирающимися на старые и менее распространенные идеи. И наоборот, большие команды, как правило, разрабатывают новые, популярные идеи, получая высокий, но часто недолговечный эффект.</p></sec><sec><title>Прогноз</title><p>Прогноз. SciSci предлагает глубокое количественное понимание структуры отношений между учеными, институтами и идеями, поскольку это облегчает идентификацию фундаментальных механизмов, ответственных за научные открытия. Эти междисциплинарные выводы, основанные на данных, дополняются вкладом смежных областей, таких как наукометрия, экономика и социология науки. Хотя SciSci стремится к длительным универсальным законам и механизмам, применимым в различных областях науки, основная задача заключается в учете неоспоримых различий в культуре, привычках и предпочтениях в различных странах и областях науки. Эта вариативность делает некоторые идеи трудными для понимания, а связанную с ними научную политику – трудной для реализации. Различия в вопросах, данных и навыках, специфичных для каждой дисциплины, предполагают, что дальнейшее понимание может быть получено из предметных исследований SciSci, которые моделируют и идентифицируют возможности, адаптированные к потребностям отдельных областей исследований.</p></sec><sec><title>Реферат</title><p>Реферат. Определение фундаментальных движущих сил науки и разработка прогнозных моделей для отражения ее эволюции играют важную роль в разработке политики, которая может улучшить науку как сектор экономики – например, за счет расширения карьерных путей для ученых, улучшения оценки эффективности организаций, проводящих исследования, открытия новых эффективных механизмов финансирования и даже выявления перспективных фронтов вдоль научных границ. Наука о науке использует крупномасштабные данные о производстве науки для поиска универсальных и ­предметноспецифических закономерностей. Здесь мы рассмотрим последние достижения в этой трансдисциплинарной области.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>BACKGROUND</title><p>BACKGROUND. The increasing availability of digital data on scholarly inputs and outputs – from research funding, productivity, and collaboration to paper citations and scientist mobility – offers unprecedented opportunities to explore the structure and evolution of science. The science of science (SciSci) offers a quantitative understanding of the interactions among scientific agents across diverse geographic and temporal scales: It provides insights into the conditions underlying creativity and the genesis of scientific discovery, with the ultimate goal of developing tools and policies that have the potential to accelerate science. In the past decade, SciSci has benefited from an influx of natural, computational, and social scientists who together have developed big data–based capabilities for empirical analysis and generative modeling that capture the unfolding of science, its institutions, and its workforce. The value proposition of SciSci is that with a deeper understanding of the factors that drive successful science, we can more effectively address environmental, societal, and technological problems.</p></sec><sec><title>ADVANCES</title><p>ADVANCES. Science can be described as a complex, self-organizing, and evolving network of scholars, projects, papers, and ideas. This representation has unveiled patterns characterizing the emergence of new scientific fields through the study of collaboration networks and the path of impactful discoveries through the study of citation networks. Microscopic models have traced the dynamics of citation accumulation, allowing us to predict the future impact of individual papers. SciSci has revealed choices and trade-offs that scientists face as they advance both their own careers and the scientific horizon. For example, measurements indicate that scholars are risk-averse, preferring to study topics related to their current expertise, which constrains the potential of future discoveries. Those willing to break this pattern engage in riskier careers but become more likely to make major breakthroughs. Overall, the highest-impact science is grounded in conventional combinations of prior work but features unusual combinations. Last, as the locus of research is shifting into teams, SciSci is increasingly focused on the impact of team research, finding that small teams tend to disrupt science and technology with new ideas drawing on older and less prevalent ones. In contrast, large teams tend to develop recent, popular ideas, obtaining high, but often short-lived, impact.</p></sec><sec><title>OUTLOOK</title><p>OUTLOOK. SciSci offers a deep quantitative understanding of the relational structure between scientists, institutions, and ideas because it facilitates the identification of fundamental mechanisms responsible for scientific discovery. These interdisciplinary data-driven efforts complement contributions from related fields such as scientometrics and the economics and sociology of science. Although SciSci seeks long-standing universal laws and mechanisms that apply across various fields of science, a fundamental challenge going forward is accounting for undeniable differences in culture, habits, and preferences between different fields and countries. This variation makes some cross-domain insights difficult to appreciate and associated science policies difficult to implement. The differences among the questions, data, and skills specific to each discipline suggest that further insights can be gained from domain-specific SciSci studies, which model and identify opportunities adapted to the needs of individual research fields.</p></sec><sec><title>Abstract</title><p>Abstract. Identifying fundamental drivers of science and developing predictive models to capture its evolution are instrumental for the design of policies that can improve the scientific enterprise – for example, through enhanced career paths for scientists, better performance evaluation for organizations hosting research, discovery of novel effective funding vehicles, and even identification of promising regions along the scientific frontier. The science of science uses large-scale data on the production of science to search for universal and domainspecific patterns. Here, we review recent developments in this transdisciplinary field.</p></sec></trans-abstract><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Благодарности: работа выполнена при поддержке Исследовательской лаборатории ВВС США: гранты FA9550-15-1-0077 (Альберт-Ласло Барабаши, Роберта Синатра, Алессандро Веспиньяни), FA9550-15-1-0364 (Альберт-Ласло Барабаши и Роберта Синатра), FA9550-15-1-0162 (Джеймс А. Эванс и Дашун Ван) и FA9550-17-1-0089 (Дашун Ван); грантов Национального научного фонда NSCE 1538763, EAGER 1566393 и NCN CP supplement 1553044 (Кэти Бернер) и SBE1158803 (Джеймс А. Эванс); грантов Национального института здравоохранения Р01 AG039347 и U01CA198934 (Кэти Бернер) и IIS0910664 (Брайан Уцци); гранта Армейского исследовательского бюро W911NF-15-1-0577 и Института сложных систем Северо-Западного университета (Брайан Уцци); грантовой программы «Big Mechanism» 14145043 DARPA (Управления перспективных исследовательских проектов Министерства обороны США) и гранта Фонда Джона Темплтона «Сеть метазнания» (Metaknowledge Network) (Джеймс А. Эванс); проект Just Data Intellectual Themes Initiative (Роберта Синатра); и Европейской комиссии «Горизонт 2020» FETPROACT-GSS CIMPLEX грант 641191 (Роберта Синатра и АльбертЛасло Барабаши). 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