A Communicative Model of the “Librarian – Artificial Intelligence – User” System in the Context of Modern Library Transformation

This article deals the transformation of library communication amid the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The relevance of the research is connected with the need to reconceptualize traditional interaction models within the library system and to integrate AI as a new (instrumental) subject of communication. A conceptual communication model of the “Librarian – Artificial Intelligence – User” (LAIU) system is proposed, in which AI is treated as a participant in the communication process. The study is grounded on the analysis of theoretical approaches from the fields of law and philosophy (regarding the status of AI), library science (concerning the integration of AI into the library as a system), and the mass communication theory (in the context of modeling interactions between agents). The primary research methods employed are theoretical analysis and modeling. The article provides concrete examples of various interaction scenarios within the proposed model. It is demonstrated that implementing this model can not only optimize existing processes but also create new forms of interaction, thereby enhancing the quality of library services and user satisfaction. This work is the first in the field of library science to propose and substantiate a communication model that describes the complex system of interrelations among the librarian, AI and the user, and also the author’s definition of “instrumental subject” is given. The limitations and potential challenges of its implementation are also examined.

1. Amlinskii LZ (2013) Research library: a space for the reader and the librarian. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 1: 100–107. (In Russ.).

2. Amlinskii LZ (2011) Organization of the internal space of scientific libraries of the information society. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 8: 25–35. (In Russ.).

3. Amlinskii LZ (2016) Spatial organization of library buildings in the modern information environment. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 2: 83–88. (In Russ.).

4. Vasilenko LA (2024) Metamorphoses of digital multi-subjectivity: the regulatives of soft governance vs a programmed society. Nauka. Kul'tura. Obshchestvo 30 (2): 10–24. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/nko.2024.30.2.1

5. Vershinina IA and Lyadova AV (2023) Transformation of modern human’s dayly life under the impact of AI technologies. Teoriya i praktika obshchestvennogo razvitiya 6: 73–78. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2023.6.7

6. Genieva EYu (2005) Library as a center for intercultural communication. Moscow. (In Russ.).

7. Genieva EYu (2000) Open libraries and the "open society". Setevoe vzaimodeistvie bibliotek: materialy mezhdunar. konf., Sankt-Peterburg, 17–18 maya 1999 g. Saint Petersburg, pp. 11–21. (In Russ.).

8. Genieva EYu (2006) Sociosemiotic model of the library. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv 3-2: 26–32. (In Russ.).

9. Dvorkina MYa (2013) Library as a social institution and establishment. Bibliotechnyi sotsial'nyi institut: novye aktsenty i aspekty: problemnoorientir. nauch. sb. Moscow, pp. 13–30. (In Russ.).

10. Dvorkina MYa (2008) Library and information activities as a system. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 1: 81–88. (In Russ.).

11. Dvorkina MYa (2004) Innovative activities in the structure of library activities. Innovatsionnye tekhnologii i mnogoobrazie kul'tur: materialy mezhdunar. konf., Moskva, 13–16 apr. 2004 g. Moscow, pp. 65–69. (In Russ.). 93

12. Dremlyuga RI and Dremlyuga OA (2019) Artificial intelligence as a subject of law: arguments for and against. Pravovaya politika i pravovaya zhizn' 2: 120–125. (In Russ.).

13. Dubrovskii DI, Efimov AR, Lepskii VE and Slavin BB (2022) The fetish of artificial intelligence. Filosofskie nauki 65 (1): 44–71. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2022-65-1-44-71

14. Zykov SV (2024) The problem of subjectivity of artificial intelligence. Aktual'nye problemy rossiiskogo prava 19 (2): 131–139. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2024.159.2.131-139

15. Kartashov NS (2002) Comparative librarianship: a textbook. Moscow. (In Russ.).

16. Kartashov NS (2001) Library management: organizational mechanism. Bibliotekovedenie 4: 17–25. (In Russ.).

17. Kovalevskii AV (2025) Features of using artificial intelligence in organizing and conducting library clubs. Bibliosfera 2: 5–14. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2025-2-5-14

18. Kovalevskii AV (2025) The model of communication with artificial intelligence as a methodological approach to prompt creation and evaluation. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 7: 142–163. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2025-7-142-163

19. Kozhevnikova LA, Kreidenko VS and Val'dman IA (2017) Methodology of sociocultural research: the library branch: a brief conceptual and terminol. dict. Novosibirsk: NGTU. (In Russ.).

20. Kozhevnikova M and Karpova SV (2020) Artificial intelligence: subject and object. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 1: 80–94. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S086954150008759-4

21. Leonov VP (1995) Library and bibliographic processes in the system of scientific communications. Saint Petersburg: BAN. (In Russ.).

22. Leonov VP (2012) The future of the library as a subject of study. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 9: 51–68. (In Russ.).

23. Leonov VP (2003) Library space. A library symphony. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russ.).

24. Lepskii VE (2022) Philosophical and methodological foundations for improving digital transformation and implementing artificial intelligence. Filosofskie nauki 65 (1): 91–108. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2022-65-1-91-108

25. Letov OV (2024) Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence development: [review]. Sotsial'nye i gumanitarnye nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Seriya 3, Filosofiya 1: 34–44. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31249/rphil/2024.01.03

26. Malakhova EA (2023) Ethical regulation of artificial intelligence as a topic of philosophical discussion. Nauka i fenomen cheloveka v epokhu tsivilizatsionnogo Makrosdviga. Moscow, pp. 364–381. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.29039/evm-364-381

27. Medova AA (2022) Transcendental subject versus artificial intelligence: the limits of possibilities. Transtsendental'nyi povorot v sovremennoi filosofii – 7. Epistemologiya, kognitivistika i iskusstvennyi intellekt: sb. tez. mezhdunar. nauch. konf., Moskva, 21–23 apr. 2022 g. Moscow, pp. 46–49. (In Russ.).

28. Mosechkin IN (2019) Artificial intelligence and criminal liability: problems of the emergence of a new type of crime subject. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Pravo 3: 461–476. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.304

29. Motul'skii RS (2002) Library as a social institution: theoretical and methodological aspects: Dr. ped. sci. diss. abstr. Moscow. (In Russ.).

30. Motul'skii RS (2004) General librarianship: a textbook for universities. Moscow. (In Russ.).

31. Neshcheret MYu (2024) Beyond the boundaries of reality: false bibliographic records and references. Bibliosfera 4: 63–70. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2024-4-63-70

32. Ostapov AI (1998) Library in the context of communicative and cognitive needs (cognitive approach): Dr. ped. sci. diss. abstr. Moscow. (In Russ.).

33. Ostapov AI and Goncharov AL (2002) The conflict of paradigms – a conflict of different pictures of the library world. Bibliotekovedenie 4: 14–18. (In Russ.).

34. Ponomareva EV (2023) Legal personality of artificial intelligence: legal theoretical analysis. Vestnik Gumanitarnogo universiteta 4: 17–31. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35853/vestnik.gu.2023.4(43).02

35. Rezaev AV and Tregubova ND (2024) Philosophy of communication and artificial intelligence: a comparative analysis of discussions in domestic and foreign literature. Epistemologiya i filosofiya nauki 61 (2): 134–156. (In Russ.).

36. Ryzhkova EA and Ryzhkova EK (2022) Artificial intelligence as an element of a digital relationship. Yuridicheskie issledovaniya 8: 1–11. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2022.8.38546

37. Skvortsov VV (1996) Development of ideas about the essence of librarianship as a science. Bibliotekovedenie: vchera, segodnya, zavtra: tez. dokl. i soobshch. nauch. konf., Moskva, 23–25 apr. 1996 g. Moscow, pt. 1, pp. 26–29. (In Russ.).

38. Skvortsov VV (2003) The modern concept of the library. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv 2: 113–115. (In Russ.).

39. Sokolov AV (2018) Concepts of library development and bibliofuturology. Universitetskaya kniga 6: 46–52. (In Russ.).

40. Sokolov AV (2012) Russian libraries in the information society: methodol. material. Moscow. (In Russ.).

41. Somenkov SA (2019) Artificial intelligence: from object to subject? Vestnik Universiteta imeni O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA) 2: 75–85. (In Russ.).

42. Stepanov V (1996) The information age: Tomorrow? Today?.. Now! Biblioteka 7: 44–46. (In Russ.).

43. Stepanov VK (2017) More than books: library and librarians in the world where everything is changing. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 1: 19–25. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2017-1-19-25

44. Stepanov VK (2024) Artificial intelligence in libraries: theoretical approaches and practical solutions (on the conclusions of the scientific and practical conference "Application of artificial intelligence in library and information services"). Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 11: 15–30. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2024-11-15-30

45. Stepanov VK (2023) Objective factors for decreasing role of libraries in information activities. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 1: 104–119. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2023-1-104-119

46. Stolyarov YuN (2002) Library as a two-circuit system. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 11: 5–24. (In Russ.).

47. Stolyarov YuN (2001) Librarianship. Selected works. 1960–2000. Moscow. (In Russ.).

48. Stolyarov YuN (2014) The relations of the library collection as a system object. Nauchnye i tekhnicheskie biblioteki 9: 5–9. (In Russ.).

49. Filipova IA and Koroteev VD (2023) Future of the artificial intelligence: object of law or legal personality? Journal of Digital Technologies and Law 1 (2): 359–386. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.15

50. Channov SE (2022) Robot (artificial intelligence system) as a subject (quasisubject) of law. Aktual'nye problemy rossiiskogo prava 17 (12): 94–109. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.145.12.094-109

51. Shreider YuA (2008) Information processes and information environment. Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya informatsiya. Seriya 2, Informatsionnye protsessy i sistemy 9: 3–7. (In Russ.).

52. Yakovleva OV (2024) Artificial intelligence and issues of professional ethics in future teacher training. Pedagogika. Voprosy teorii i praktiki 9 (5): 391–396. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30853/ped20240049

53. Banteka N (2020) Artificially intelligent persons. Houston Law Review 58 (3): 537–596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3552269

54. Bennett J (2010) Vibrant matter: a political ecology of things. Duke Univ. Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv111jh6w

55. Chesterman S (2020) Artificial intelligence and the limits of legal personality. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 69 (4): 819–844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589320000366

56. Cole D (1991) Artificial intelligence and personal identity. Synthese 88: 399–417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413555

57. Gazniuk L, Beilin M and Soina I (2024) Artificial intelligence in human life: person or instrument. Visnik KhNU imeni V. N. Karazina. Seriya: Filosofiya. Filosofs'ki peripetii [The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: Philosophy. Philosophical Peripeteias] 71: 81–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26565/2226-0994-2024-71-7

58. Goriunova O (2019) Digital subjects: an introduction. Subjectivity 12 (1): 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-018-00065-2

59. Graves M (2023) What does it mean to consider AI a person? Theology and Science 21 (3): 348–353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2023.2230424

60. Kerikmäe T, Müürsepp P, Pihl HM, Hamuľák O and Kocharyan H (2020) Legal personor agenthood of artificial intelligence technologies. Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum 8 (2): 73–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2020.2.05

61. Kolt N (2025) Governing AI agents. arXiv: [researchsharing platform] . URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.07913 (accessed 10.10.2025).

62. Latour B (2005) Reassembling the social: an introduction to actor-network-theory. New York: Oxford Univ.

63. Press. Narula U (2006) Handbook of communication: models, perspectives, strategies. New Delhi: Atlantic Publ. and Distributors.

64. Parisi L (2019) The alien subject of AI. Subjectivity 12 (1): 27–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-018-00064-3

65. Ribino P (2023) The role of politeness in human–machine interactions: a systematic literature review and future perspectives. Artificial Intelligence Review 56 (Suppl 1): 445–482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10540-1

66. Solum LB (1992) Legal personhood for artificial intelligences. North Carolina Law Review 70 (4): 1231–1287.

67. Wang R (2025) Cognitive integration for hybrid collective agency. Philosophies 10 (5): 103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10050103

68. Whitrock JN, Pratt CG, Carter MM, Chae RC, Price AD, Justiniano CF, Van Haren RM, Silski LS, Quillin RC and Shah SA (2024) Does using artificial intelligence take the person out of personal statements? We can't tell. Surgery 176 (6): 1610–1616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2024.08.018